Enhancing Motor Sequence Learning via Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS): An EEG Study
C. Tang, L. Chen, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, B. Gu, X. Liu, D. Ming, Dong
Motor learning accompanies humans throughout their entire lives and is a critically important function. The application of neuromodulation holds promise for mitigating the need for extensive repetitive training, thereby expediting and enhancing motor learning. One notable form of neuromodulation garnering attention is transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), celebrated for its non-invasiveness, affordability, and ease of application. While prior studies have suggested taVNSas a potential tool for modulating motor learning, there remains a dearth of specific and clear behavioral evidence. Relying solely on behavioral outcomes for evaluation introduces the risk of deviation and instability. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a commonly used signal to monitor brain activity due to its noninvasiveness and high time resolution and some changes on EEG have been found in the motor-related task. In this study, we designed a single-blind EEG acquisition experiment to investigate the effect of taVNS on ipsilateral-hand (left hand) motor sequence learning, and recruited 22 healthy adults to participate in the two-session experiment. We analyzed and compared behavior indicators (reaction time, learning index and learning performance) and EEG features (motor related cortex potential, phase-amplitude coupling, and functional connectivity). The results revealed that compared to the sham group, the active group showed significantly higher learning performance. Additionally, the EEG results indicated that after taVNS, the motor-related cortical potential amplitudes and alpha-gamma modulation index decreased significantly and functional connectivity based on partial directed coherence towards frontal lobe was enhanced. These findings suggest that taVNS can improve motor learning, mainly through enhancing cognitive and memory functions rather than simple movement learning. Our results are expected to provide technical guidance for taVNS enhancing motor learning and contribute to the development of taVNS-based auxiliary or rehabilitation equipment.
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