This Special Section of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE comprises 9 accepted papers selected from the 2nd Engineering Sciences for Biology and Medicine Conference(ESBM 2015) organized in Tunisia from 1–3 May 2015. The conference received 52 contribution submissions from over 11 countries which went through a very rigorous review process. It provided a multidisciplinary assembly of researchers from several fields of interference of physics, chemistry, informatics, and mathematics with biology and medicine. The accepted papers illustrate the variety of applications of fundamental sciences in the field of nano-, immune- and biosensors, medical image modelling, and dosimetry.